Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Bismuth Bismuth Bizmut Bismuto Bismut

 
Atomic number: 83
Group numbers: 15
Period: 6
 
Discovery date: 1753
Bi

Bismuthum
NEIGHBOURS
50
Sn
 51
Sb
 52
Te
82
Pb
 83
Bi
 84
Po

 
 
 


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Bismuth was discovered by Claude Geoffroy (France) in 1753. The origin of the name comes from the German words Weisse Masse meaning white mass; now spelled wismut and bisemutum. It is hard, brittle, steel-grey metal with a pink tint. Stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in concentrated nitric acid.
Bottom NITROGEN GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 208.98038(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Formal oxidation number: +3 +5 Electronegativities: 1.9
Thermal conductivity: 7.87 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 106.8 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 154.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 9747 (293 K)
10050 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 21.44 (293 K)
20.79 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 271.4 °C Heat of fusion: 10.48 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 1564 °C Heat of vaporization: 179.1 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 4347 °C Heat of atomization: 207.36 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 702.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1610.35 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 0.06 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2466.18 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0002 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
209Bi208.980383(3)100


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Bismuth can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2S3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3) Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses. The price of 99.99 % pure bismuth pieces is 110.20 € for 1000 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Bi3+ + 3e- = Bi(s) +0.215  
BiOH2+ + H+ + 3e- = Bi(s) + H2O +0.254  
BiO+ + 2H+ + 3e- = Bi(s) + H2O +0.320  
BiOCl(s) + 2H+ + 3e- = Bi(s) + H2O + Cl- +0.160  
Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O + 6e- = 2Bi(s) + 6OH- - 0.46  
Bi2O5(s) + 10H+ + 4e- = 2Bi3+ + 5H2O +1.759  
Bi2O5(s) + 8H+ + 4e- = 2BiOH2+ + 3H2O +1.700  
Bi2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e- = 2BiO+ + 3H2O +1.605  
NaBiO3(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = BiO+ + Na+ + H2O +1.80  
BiCl4- + 3e- = Bi(s) + 4Cl- +0.16  
Bi(s) + 3H+ + 3e- = BiH3(g) - 0.800  

 

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