Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Carbon Carbone Ugljik Carbonio Kohlenstoff

 
Atomic number: 6
Group numbers: 14
Period: 2
 
Discovery date:
C

Carboneum
NEIGHBOURS

 
 
 
5
B
 6
C
 7
N
13
Al
 14
Si
 15
P


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Carbon has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal. Graphite form of carbon is a black, odourless, slippery solid. Graphite sublimes at 3825 °C. Diamond form is a clear or colored; an extremely hard solid. C60 is Buckminsterfullerine. Carbon black burns readily with oxidants.
Bottom CARBON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 12.0107(8) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p2
Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.55
Thermal conductivity: 5.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1375 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 77.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 3513 (diamant, 293 K)
2260 (graphit, 293 K)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 3.42 (diamant, 293 K)
5.31 (graphit, 293 K)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 3550 °C Heat of fusion: 105 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 4827 °C Heat of vaporization: 710.9 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 6470 °C Heat of atomization: 711.2 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 1086.46 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 336.7 ppm
2nd ionization energy: 2352.65 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 200 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 4620.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 28 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
12C12 by definition98.90(3)
13C13.003354838(1)1.10(3)
14C14.003241988(4)*


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Carbon is made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects. Black amorphous carbon (99.9 %) costs 48.40 € for 1000 g. Graphite powder (99.9 %) costs 46.50 € for 1000 g. Diamond powder (99.9 %) costs 265.70 € for 5 g. Fullerene powder (99.5 %) costs 762.20 € for 5 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = CO(g) + H2O - 0.12  
2CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = H2C2O4 - 0.49  
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = HCOOH - 0.20  
CNO- + 2H2O + 2e- = CN- + 2OH- - 0.97  
2HCNO + 2H+ + 2e- = (CN)2(g) + 2H2O +0.33  
(CN)2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- = 2HCN +0.37  
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2 +0.699  quinol / hidrohinol
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2 +0.696  1 mol dm-3 HCl
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2 +0.696  1 mol dm-3 HClO4
C6H4O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = C6H4(OH)2 +0.696  1 mol dm-3 H2SO4

 

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