Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Calcium Calcium Kalcij Calcio Calcium

 
Atomic number: 20
Group numbers: 2
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1808
Ca

Calcium
NEIGHBOURS
11
Na
 12
Mg
 
19
K
 20
Ca
 21
Sc
37
Rb
 38
Sr
 39
Y


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Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word calx meaning lime. It is fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces form oxides and nitrides. Reacts with water and oxygen. Occurs only in compounds.
Bottom ALKALINE EARTH METAL Top

Relative atomic mass: 40.078(4) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 4s2
Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1
Thermal conductivity: 190 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 3.91 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 197.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 1550 (293 K)
1365 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 25.86 (293 K)
29.36 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 842 °C Heat of fusion: 9.33 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 1484 °C Heat of vaporization: 150.6 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 2607 °C Heat of atomization: 177.74 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 589.83 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1145.46 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 52900 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 4912.40 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 400 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
40Ca39.9625911(3)96.941(18)
42Ca41.9586183(4)0.647(9)
43Ca42.9587668(5)0.135(6)
44Ca43.9554811(9)2.086(12)
46Ca45.953693(3)0.004(3)
48Ca47.952534(4)0.187(4)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Calcium is obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone and marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts. Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries. The price of 99.8 % pure calcium granules is 126.90 € for 1000 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ca2+ + 2e- = Ca(s) - 2.866  
CaO + 2H+ + 2e- = Ca(s) + H2O - 1.90  
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2e- = Ca(s) + 2OH- - 3.03  

 

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