Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Cadmium Cadmium Kadmij Cadmio Cadmium

 
Atomic number: 48
Group numbers: 12
Period: 5
 
Discovery date: 1817
Cd

Cadmium
NEIGHBOURS
29
Cu
 30
Zn
 31
Ga
47
Ag
 48
Cd
 49
In
79
Au
 80
Hg
 81
Tl


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Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer (Germany) in 1817. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word cadmia meaning calamine (zinc carbonate, ZnCO3), or from the Greek word kadmeia with the same meaning. It is soft, malleable, blue-white metal. Tarnishes in air, soluble in acids, insoluble in alkalis. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapour that is poisonous. Cadmium can cause a variety of health problems, including kidney failure and high blood pressure.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 112.411(8) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2
Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.69
Thermal conductivity: 96.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.83 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 148.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 8650 (293 K)
7996 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.00 (293 K)
14.06 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 321.07 °C Heat of fusion: 6.11 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 767 °C Heat of vaporization: 100 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 2687 °C Heat of atomization: 112.05 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 867.78 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1631.42 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 0.098 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3616.30 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0001 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
106Cd105.906458(6)1.25(4)
108Cd107.904183(6)0.89(2)
110Cd109.903006(3)12.49(12)
111Cd110.904182(3)12.80(8)
112Cd111.902757(3)24.13(14)
113Cd112.904401(3)12.22(8)
114Cd113.903358(3)28.73(28)
116Cd115.904755(3)7.49(12)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Cadmium is obtained as a by product of zinc refining. The mayor use of cadmium is in electroplating of steel to protect it from corrosion. Also used to make nickel-cadmium batteries.The ability of cadmium to adsorb neutrons has made it of great importance in the design of nuclear reactors. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colours. The price of 99.95 % pure cadmium shot is 187.70 € for 1000 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Cd2+ + 2e- = Cd(s) - 0.403  
Cd(CN)42- + 2e- = Cd(s) + 4CN- - 1.09  
Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e- = Cd(s) + 4NH3 - 0.61  
Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e- = Cd(s) + 2OH- - 0.81  
CdS(s) + 2e- = Cd(s) + S2- - 1.17  

 

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