Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Cerium Cérium Cerij Cerio Cer

 
Atomic number: 58
Group numbers: 3
Period: 6
 
Discovery date: 1814
Ce

Cerium
NEIGHBOURS
39
Y
 
 
57
La
 58
Ce
 59
Pr
89
Ac
 90
Th
 91
Pa


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Cerium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) and by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1803 and Wilhelm von Hisinger (Germany) in 1814. Named after the asteroid Ceres which discovered two years before the element. It is malleable, ductile, iron-grey metal. Tarnishes in air; reacts easily with water. Dissolves in acids; ignites when heated. Metal ignites and burns readily. Strong reductant.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE Top

Relative atomic mass: 140.116(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f2 6s2
Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.12
Thermal conductivity: 11.4 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 75 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 182.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 8240 (alpha, 298 K)
6749 (beta, 298 K)
6773 (gamma, 298 K)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.00 (alpha, 298 K)
20.76 (beta, 298 K)
20.69 (gamma, 298 K)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 798 °C Heat of fusion: 8.87 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 3424 °C Heat of vaporization: 398 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 10127 °C Heat of atomization: 423.4 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 534.41 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1046.87 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 33 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 1948.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0004 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
136Ce135.90714(5)0.19(1)
137Ce136.90778(5)*
138Ce137.90599(1)0.25(1)
139Ce138.906647(8)*
140Ce139.905434(3)88.48(10)
141Ce140.908271(3)*
142Ce141.909240(4)11.08(10)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Cerium is most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)]. Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals. The price of 99.8 % pure cerium ingot is 256.20 € for 250 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ce3+ + 3e- = Ce(s) - 2.48  
Ce(OH)22+ + 2H+ + e- = Ce3+ + 2H2O +1.73  
Ce(OH)3+ + H+ + e- = Ce3+ + H2O +1.71  
Ce(ClO4)62- + e- = Ce3+ + 6ClO4- +1.70  1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Ce(NO3)62- + e- = Ce3+ + 6NO3- +1.61  1 mol dm-3 HNO3
Ce(SO4)32- + e- = Ce3+ + 3SO42- +1.44  1 mol dm-3 H2SO4

 

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