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| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z | ||
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| Fluorine | Fluor | Fluor | Fluoro | Fluor | ||||||||||||||||||||
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F Fluor |
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- Fluorine was discovered by Henri Moissan (France) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word fluere meaning to flow. It is pale yellow to greenish gas, with an irritating pungent odour. Extremely reactive, flammable gas. Reacts violently with many materials. Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Does not occur uncombined in nature.
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HALOGENS ELEMENT | |
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| Relative atomic mass: | 18.9984032(5) | Electronic configuration: | [He] 2s2 2p5 |
| Formal oxidation number: | -1 | Electronegativities: | 3.98 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 0.0256 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical resistivity (20 °C): | - μΩcm |
| Atomic radius: | 70.9 pm | Standard state (20 °C): | gas |
| Density (g dm-3): | 1516 (liquid, 85 K) 1.696 (gas, 273 K) |
Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): | 12.53 (liquid, 85 K) 22403.78 (gas, 273 K) |
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THERMAL PROPERTIES | |
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| Melting point: | -219.62 °C | Heat of fusion: | 1.02 kJ mol-1 |
| Boiling point: | -188.12 °C | Heat of vaporization: | 3.26 kJ mol-1 |
| Critical temperature: | -128.86 °C | Heat of atomization: | 76.9 kJ mol-1 |
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IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE | |
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| 1st ionization energy: | 1681.06 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (air): | - ppm |
| 2nd ionization energy: | 3374.20 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (Earth's crust): | 625 ppm |
| 3rd ionization energy: | 6050.48 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (oceans): | 1.3 ppm |
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ISOTOPES | |
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Isotopes | Relative atomic mass | Abundance (%) |
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19F | 18.99840321(8) | 100 |
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MINERALS AND USES | |
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- Fluorine is found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production. Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF).
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REDUCTION POTENTIALS | |
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Balanced half-reaction | Eo / V | Annotation |
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F2(g) + 2e-  2F- |
+2.87 | |
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F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- 2HF |
+2.81 | |
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F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- 2HF(aq) |
+3.06 | |
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F2O + 4H+ + 4e- 2HF + H2O |
+2.12 | |
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F2O + 2H+ + 4e- 2F- + H2O |
+2.15 | |
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F2O + 2H+ + 2e- F2(g) + H2O |
+1.44 | |
