Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Gallium Gallium Galij Gallio Gallium

 
Atomic number: 31
Group numbers: 13
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1875
Ga

Gallium
NEIGHBOURS

 
 13
Al
 14
Si
30
Zn
 31
Ga
 32
Ge
48
Cd
 49
In
 50
Sn


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Gallium was discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1875. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Gallia meaning France. It is soft, blue-white metal. Stable in air and water. Reacts violently with chlorine and bromine.
Bottom BORON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 69.723(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.81
Thermal conductivity: 40.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 17.4 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 122.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 5907 (293 K)
6113.6 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 11.80 (293 K)
11.40 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 29.76 °C Heat of fusion: 5.59 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 2204 °C Heat of vaporization: 270.3 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 7347 °C Heat of atomization: 276 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 578.85 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1979.33 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 18 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2963.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
69Ga68.925581(3)60.108(9)
71Ga70.924705(2)39.892(9)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Gallium is found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal. Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LED's (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes. The price of 99.99 % pure gallium ingot is 930.40 € for 500 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ga3+ + 2e- = Ga+ - 0.4  
Ga3+ + 3e- = Ga(s) - 0.56  
H2GaO3- + 3e- = Ga(s) + 4OH- - 1.22  

 

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