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| Gadolinium | Gadolinium | Gadolinij | Gadolinio | Gadolinium | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Gd Gadolinium |
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- Gadolinium was discovered by Jean de Marignac (France) in 1880. Named after the mineral gadolinite, named for J. Gadolin, a Finnish chemist and mineralogist. It is soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Reacts slowly with water and oxygen. Dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns readily.
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TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE | |
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| Relative atomic mass: | 157.25(3) | Electronic configuration: | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
| Formal oxidation number: | +3 | Electronegativities: | 1.2 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 10.6 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical resistivity (20 °C): | 140.5 μΩcm |
| Atomic radius: | 178.7 pm | Standard state (20 °C): | solid |
| Density (g dm-3): | 7900.4 (298 K) | Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): | 19.90 (298 K) |
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THERMAL PROPERTIES | |
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| Melting point: | 1313 °C | Heat of fusion: | 15.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Boiling point: | 3273 °C | Heat of vaporization: | 301 kJ mol-1 |
| Critical temperature: | 8397 °C | Heat of atomization: | 398.94 kJ mol-1 |
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IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE | |
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| 1st ionization energy: | 593.40 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (air): | - ppm |
| 2nd ionization energy: | 1166.52 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (Earth's crust): | 3.3 ppm |
| 3rd ionization energy: | 1990.51 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (oceans): | 0.0000002 ppm |
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ISOTOPES | |
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Isotopes | Relative atomic mass | Abundance (%) |
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152Gd | 151.919788(3) | 0.20(1) |
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154Gd | 153.920862(3) | 2.18(3) |
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155Gd | 154.922619(3) | 14.80(5) |
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156Gd | 155.922120(3) | 20.47(4) |
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157Gd | 156.923957(3) | 15.65(3) |
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158Gd | 157.924101(3) | 24.84(12) |
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160Gd | 159.927051(3) | 21.86(4) |
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MINERALS AND USES | |
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- Gadolinium is found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand. Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components. The price of 99.9 % pure gadolinium pieces is 218.80 € for 50 g.
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REDUCTION POTENTIALS | |
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Balanced half-reaction | Eo / V | Annotation |
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