Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Germanium Germanium Germanij Germanio Germanium

 
Atomic number: 32
Group numbers: 14
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1886
Ge

Germanium
NEIGHBOURS
13
Al
 14
Si
 15
P
31
Ga
 32
Ge
 33
As
49
In
 50
Sn
 51
Sb


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Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler (Germany) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Germania meaning Germany. It is greyish-white semi-metal. Unaffected by alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Stable in air and water.
Bottom CARBON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 72.64(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.01
Thermal conductivity: 59.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 46000000 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 122.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 5323 (293 K)
5490 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.65 (293 K)
13.23 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 938.25 °C Heat of fusion: 34.7 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 2833 °C Heat of vaporization: 327.6 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 8127 °C Heat of atomization: 373.8 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 762.18 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1537.47 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 1.6 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3302.15 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0001 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
70Ge69.924250(2)21.23(4)
72Ge71.922076(2)27.66(3)
73Ge72.923459(2)7.73(1)
74Ge73.921178(2)35.94(2)
76Ge75.921403(2)7.44(2)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony. The price of 99.9999 % pure germanium ingot is 1088.10 € for 120 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ge2+ + 2e- = Ge(s) +0.00  
GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = Ge2+ + 2H2O - 0.25  
GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- = Ge + 2H2O - 0.01  
H2GeO3 + 4H+ + 4e- = Ge(s) + 3H2O - 0.13  
GeO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- = Ge(s) + H2O - 0.29  

 

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