Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Nickel Nickel Nikal Nichel Nickel

 
Atomic number: 28
Group numbers: 10
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1751
Ni

Niccolum
NEIGHBOURS

 
 
 
27
Co
 28
Ni
 29
Cu
45
Rh
 46
Pd
 47
Ag


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Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (Sweden) in 1751. The origin of the name comes from the German word kupfernickel meaning Devil's copper or St Nicholas's (Old Nick's) copper. It is hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Soluble in acids, resist alkalis. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Resists corrosion in air under normal conditions.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 58.6934(2) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: 1.91
Thermal conductivity: 90.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.84 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 124.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 8902 (298 K)
7780 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 6.59 (298 K)
7.54 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 1455 °C Heat of fusion: 17.6 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 2913 °C Heat of vaporization: 374.8 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 5117 °C Heat of atomization: 427.659 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 737.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1753.04 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 105 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3395.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
58Ni57.935348(2)68.077(9)
60Ni59.930791(2)26.223(8)
61Ni60.931060(2)1.140(1)
62Ni61.928349(2)3.634(2)
64Ni63.927970(2)0.926(1)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Nickel is chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel. Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries, as a catalyst and for coins. The price of 99.99 % pure nickel pieces is 96.60 € for 500 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ni2+ + 2e- = Ni(s) - 0.250  
NiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = Ni2+ + 2H2O +1.593  
NiO2(s) + 2H2O + 2e- = Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH- +0.49  
Ni2O3(s) + 6H+ + 2e- = 2Ni2+ + 3H2O +1.753  
Ni3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e- = 3HNiO2- + H+ - 0.718  
Ni3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- = 3Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.977  
HNiO2- + 3H+ + 2e- = Ni(s) + 2H2O +0.648  
Ni(CN)42- + e- = Ni(CN)3- + CN- - 0.4  
NiO42- + 8H+ + 4e- = Ni2+ + 4H2O +1.8  
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e- = Ni(s) + 6NH3 - 0.49  
NiS(s) (alfa) + 2e- = Ni(s) + S2- +0.76  
NiS(s) (gama) + 2e- = Ni(s) + S2- - 0.99  

 

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