Phosphorus - Periodic Table of the Elements

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Atomic number:	15
Group numbers:	15
Period:	3

Discovery date:	1669

Phosphor

NEIGHBOURS
6 C	7 N	8 O
14 Si	15 P	16 S
32 Ge	33 As	34 Se

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Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (Germany) in 1669. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word phosphoros meaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft, waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic.


	NITROGEN GROUP

Relative atomic mass:	30.973761(2)	Electronic configuration:	[Ne] 3s² 3p³
Formal oxidation number:	-3 +3 +5	Electronegativities:	2.19
Thermal conductivity:	0.235 W m^-1 K^-1	Electrical resistivity (20 °C):	1E+17 μΩcm
Atomic radius:	110.5 pm	Standard state (20 °C):	solid
Density (g dm^-3):	1820 (white, 293 K) 2200 (red, 293 K) 2690 (black, 293 K)	Molar volume (cm³ mol^-1):	17.02 (white, 293 K) 14.08 (red, 293 K) 11.51 (black, 293 K)


	THERMAL PROPERTIES

Melting point:	44.15 °C	Heat of fusion:	2.51 kJ mol^-1
Boiling point:	280.5 °C	Heat of vaporization:	51.9 kJ mol^-1
Critical temperature:	721 °C	Heat of atomization:	314 kJ mol^-1


	IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy:	1011.82 kJ mol^-1	Abundance of element (air):	- ppm
2nd ionization energy:	1907.47 kJ mol^-1	Abundance of element (Earth's crust):	1050 ppm
3rd ionization energy:	2914.14 kJ mol^-1	Abundance of element (oceans):	0.07 ppm


	ISOTOPES

Isotopes	Relative atomic mass	Abundance (%)

³¹P	30.9737615(2)	100


	MINERALS AND USES

Phosphorus is found most often in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products. The price of 99 % pure phosphorus powder is 43.90 € for 500 g.


	REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction	E^o / V	Annotation

PO₄^3- + 3H⁺ + 2e^- HPO₃^2- + H₂O	+0.121
HPO₄^2- + 2H⁺ + 2e^- HPO₃^2- + H₂O	- 0.234
H₂PO₄^- + H⁺ + 2e^- HPO₃^2- + H₂O	- 0.447
H₂PO₄^- + 2H⁺ + 2e^- H₂PO₃^- + H₂O	- 0.260
H₃PO₄ + H⁺ + 2e^- H₂PO₃^- + H₂O	- 0.329
H₃PO₄ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- H₃PO₃ + H₂O	- 0.276
PO₄^3- + 8H⁺ + 5e^- P (red) + 4H₂O	- 0.128
PO₄^3- + 8H⁺ + 5e^- P (white) + 4H₂O	- 0.156
HPO₄^2- + 7H⁺ + 5e^- P (red) + 4H₂O	- 0.288
HPO₄^2- + 7H⁺ + 5e^- P (white) + 4H₂O	- 0.316
H₂PO₄^- + 6H⁺ + 5e^- P (red) + 4H₂O	- 0.358
H₂PO₄^- + 6H⁺ + 5e^- P (white) + 4H₂O	- 0.386
H₃PO₄ + 5H⁺ + 5e^- P (red) + 4H₂O	- 0.383
H₃PO₄ + 5H⁺ + 5e^- P (white) + 4H₂O	- 0.411
PO₄^3- + 11H⁺ + 8e^- PH₃(g) + 4H₂O	- 0.123
HPO₄^2- + 10H⁺ + 8e^- PH₃(g) + 4H₂O	- 0.212
H₂PO₄^- + 9H⁺ + 8e^- PH₃(g) + 4H₂O	- 0.265
H₃PO₄ + 8H⁺ + 8e^- PH₃(g) + 4H₂O	- 0.281
H₃PO₃ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- H₃PO₂ + H₂O	- 0.499
HPO₃^2- + 5H⁺ + 3e^- P (red) + 3H₂O	- 0.298
HPO₃^2- + 5H⁺ + 3e^- P (white) + 3H₂O	- 0.346
H₂PO₃^- + 4H⁺ + 3e^- P (red) + 3H₂O	- 0.419
H₂PO₃^- + 4H⁺ + 3e^- P (white) + 3H₂O	- 0.467
H₃PO₃ + 3H⁺ + 3e^- P (red) + 3H₂O	- 0.454
H₃PO₃ + 3H⁺ + 3e^- P (white) + 3H₂O	- 0.502
H₄P₂O₆ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- 2H₃PO₃	+0.38
2H₃PO₄ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- H₄P₂O₆ + 2H₂O	- 0.94
P (red) + 3H⁺ + 3e^- PH₃(g)	- 0.111
P (white) + 3H⁺ + 3e^- PH₃(g)	- 0.063

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page.
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	FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT		PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7