Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Lead Plomb Olovo Piombo Blei

 
Atomic number: 82
Group numbers: 14
Period: 6
 
Discovery date: ~ 1000 BC
Pb

Plumbum
NEIGHBOURS
49
In
 50
Sn
 51
Sb
81
Tl
 82
Pb
 83
Bi

 
 
 


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Lead has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word plumbum meaning liquid silver. It is very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal. Tarnishes in moist air; stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in nitric acid. Compounds toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Danger of cumulative effects.
Bottom CARBON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 207.2(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 1.8
Thermal conductivity: 35.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 20.648 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 175 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 11350 (293 K)
10678 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 18.26 (293 K)
19.40 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 327.46 °C Heat of fusion: 5.121 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 1749 °C Heat of vaporization: 177.8 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 5127 °C Heat of atomization: 195.74 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 715.60 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1450.40 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 8 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3081.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
204Pb203.973029(3)1.4(1)
206Pb205.974449(3)24.1(1)
207Pb206.975881(3)22.1(1)
208Pb207.976636(3)52.4(1)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Lead is found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries. The price of 99.5 % pure lead granules is 28.70 € for 500 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Pb4+ + 2e- = Pb2+ +1.694  
Pb2+ + 2e- = Pb(s) - 0.126  
Pb2+ + 2e- = Pb(s) - 0.14  1 mol dm-3 HClO4
Pb2+ + 2e- = Pb(s) - 0.29  1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
3PbO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e- = Pb3O4(s) + 4OH- +0.295  
PbO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.455  
PbO2(s) + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e- = PbSO4(s) + 2H2O +1.685  
PbO2(s) + H+ + 2e- = HPbO2- +0.621  
3PbO32- + 10H+ + 4e- = Pb3O4(s) + 5H2O +2.515  
PbO32- + 4H+ + 2e- = PbO(s) + 2H2O +2.001  
PbO32- + 3H+ + e- = HPbO2- + H2O +1.547  
PbO32- + 6H+ + 2e- = Pb2+ + 3H2O +2.375  
Pb3O4(s) + H2O + 2e- = 3PbO(s) + 2OH- +0.249  
Pb3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e- = 3Pb2+ + 3H2O +2.094  
Pb3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e- = 3HPbO2- + H+ - 0.390  
PbO(s) + 2H+ + 2e- = Pb(s) + H2O +0.249  
PbSO4 + 2e- = Pb(s) + SO42- - 0.350  
HPbO2- + 3H+ + 2e- = Pb(s) + 2H2O +0.702  
Pb(s) + 2H+ + 2e- = PbH2 - 1.507  

 

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