Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Ruthenium Ruthénium Rutenij Rutenio Ruthenium

 
Atomic number: 44
Group numbers: 8
Period: 5
 
Discovery date: 1844
Ru

Ruthenium
NEIGHBOURS
25
Mn
 26
Fe
 27
Co
43
Tc
 44
Ru
 45
Rh
75
Re
 76
Os
 77
Ir


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Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus (Russia) in 1844. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Ruthenia meaning Russia. It is rare, extremely brittle, silver-grey metal. Unaffected by air, water or acids. Reacts with very hot (molten) alkalis.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 101.07(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1
Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 2.2
Thermal conductivity: 117 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 7.6 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 132.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 12370 (293 K)
10900 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.17 (293 K)
9.27 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 2334 °C Heat of fusion: 23.7 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 4150 °C Heat of vaporization: 567 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 9327 °C Heat of atomization: 641.031 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 710.19 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1617.11 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 0.01 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2746.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
96Ru95.907598(8)5.52(6)
98Ru97.905287(7)1.88(6)
99Ru98.905939(2)12.7(1)
100Ru99.904220(2)12.6(1)
101Ru100.905582(2)17.0(1)
102Ru101.904350(2)31.6(2)
104Ru103.905430(4)18.7(2)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Ruthenium is found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium. The price of 99.95 % pure ruthenium sponge is 784.80 € for 50 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Ru2+ + 2e- = Ru(s) +0.45  
RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- = Ru(s) + 2H2O +0.79  
RuO4(s) + e- = RuO4- +1.00  
RuO4- + e- = RuO42- +0.59  
RuCl5- + 2e- = Ru2+ + 5Cl- +0.3  
RuCl3 + 3e- = Ru(s) + 3Cl- +0.68  

 

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