Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Sulphur Soufre Sumpor Solfo Schwefel

 
Atomic number: 16
Group numbers: 16
Period: 3
 
Discovery date:
S

Sulfur
NEIGHBOURS
7
N
 8
O
 9
F
15
P
 16
S
 17
Cl
33
As
 34
Se
 35
Br


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Sulfur has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Sanskrit word sulvere meaning sulphur; also from the Latin word sulphurium meaning sulphur. It is pale yellow, odourless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide.
Bottom CHALCOGENS ELEMENT Top

Relative atomic mass: 32.065(5) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4
Formal oxidation number: -2 +4 +6 Electronegativities: 2.58
Thermal conductivity: 0.269 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 2E+23 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 103.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 2070 (alpha, 293 K)
1957 (beta, 293 K)
1891 (liquid, 393 K)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 15.49 (alpha, 293 K)
16.38 (beta, 293 K)
16.96 (liquid, 393 K)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 115.21 °C Heat of fusion: 1.7175 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 444.60 °C Heat of vaporization: 9.62 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 1041 °C Heat of atomization: 276.6 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 999.60 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 1 ppm
2nd ionization energy: 2251.78 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 260 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3356.75 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 900 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
32S31.9720707(1)95.02(9)
33S32.9714585(1)0.75(4)
34S33.9678668(1)4.21(8)
36S35.9670809(3)0.02(1)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Sulfur is found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from underground deposits by the Frasch process. Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The price of 99.5 % pure sulfur powder is 23.60 € for 500 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
S(s) + 2e- = S2- - 0.476  
S(s) + H+ + 2e- = HS- - 0.065  
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e- = H2S(g) +0.141  
SO42- + 4H+ + 2e- = H2SO3 + H2O +0.172  
SO42- + 4H2O + 2e- = SO3- + 2OH- - 0.93  
SO42- + 8H+ + 6e- = S(s) + 4H2O +0.357  
HSO4- + 7H+ + 6e- = S(s) + 4H2O +0.339  
SO42- + 8H+ + 8e- = S2- + 4H2O +0.149  
SO42- + 9H+ + 8e- = HS- + 4H2O +0.252  
SO42- + 10H+ + 8e- = H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.303  
HSO4- + 9H+ + 8e- = H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.289  
S2O82- + 2e- = 2SO42- +2.01  
S2O82- + 2H+ + 2e- = 2HSO4- +2.123  
S4O62- + 2e- = 2S2O32- +0.08  
S4O62- + 12H+ + 10e- = 4S(s) + 6H2O +0.416  
S2O62- + 2e- = 2SO32- +0.026  
SO2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- = S(s) + 2H2O +0.451  
H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e- = S(s) + 3H2O +0.450  
2SO32- + 6H+ + 4e- = S2O32- + 3H2O +0.705  
2HSO3- + 4H+ + 4e- = S2O32- + 3H2O +0.491  
4HSO3- + 8H+ + 6e- = S4O62- + 6H2O +0.581  
4H2SO3 + 4H+ + 6e- = S4O62- + 6H2O +0.509  
SO32- + 6H+ + 6e- = S2- + 3H2O +0.231  
S22- + 2H+ + 2e- = 2HS- +0.298  
S22- + 2e- = 2S2- - 0.524  
S32- + 3H+ + 4e- = 3HS- +0.097  
S42- + 4H+ + 6e- = 4HS- +0.033  
S52- + 5H+ + 8e- = 5HS- +0.003  

 

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