Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Scandium Scandium Skandij Scandio Scandium

 
Atomic number: 21
Group numbers: 3
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1879
Sc

Scandium
NEIGHBOURS
12
Mg
 
 
20
Ca
 21
Sc
 22
Ti
38
Sr
 39
Y
 40
Zr


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Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson (Sweden) in 1879. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Scandia meaning Scandinavia. It is fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Burns easily. Tarnishes readily in air. Reaction with water releases hydrogen. Reacts with air and halogens.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 44.955910(8) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d1 4s2
Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.36
Thermal conductivity: 15.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 61 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 160.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 2989 (273 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 15.04 (273 K)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 1541 °C Heat of fusion: 15.9 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 2836 °C Heat of vaporization: 376.1 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 5127 °C Heat of atomization: 376.02 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 633.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1234.99 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 30 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2388.67 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00004 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
45Sc44.955910(1)100


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Scandium occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining. Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a colour closely matching natural sunlight. The price of 99.9 % pure scandium ingot is 263.10 € for 1 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
Sc3+ + 3e- = Sc(s) - 2.08  

 

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