Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Silicon Silicium Silicij Silicio Silizium

 
Atomic number: 14
Group numbers: 14
Period: 3
 
Discovery date: 1824
Si

Silicium
NEIGHBOURS
5
B
 6
C
 7
N
13
Al
 14
Si
 15
P
31
Ga
 32
Ge
 33
As


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Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1824. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word silicis meaning flint. Amorphous form of silicon is brown powder; crystalline form has grey metallic appearance. Solid form unreactive with oxygen, water and most acids. Dissolves in hot alkali. Silica dust is a moderately toxic acute irritant.
Bottom CARBON GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 28.0855(3) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p2
Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4 Electronegativities: 1.9
Thermal conductivity: 148 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 117.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 2329 (293 K)
2525 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 12.06 (293 K)
11.12 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 1414 °C Heat of fusion: 39.6 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 3265 °C Heat of vaporization: 383.3 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 4886 °C Heat of atomization: 451.29 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 786.52 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1577.15 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 267700 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 3231.61 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 3 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
28Si27.976926533(2)92.23(1)
29Si28.97649472(3)4.67(1)
30Si29.97377022(5)3.10(1)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Silicon makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2) and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C. Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors. The price of 99.999 % pure silicon granular is 67.40 € for 1000 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e- = Si(s) + 2H2O - 0.86  
SiO32- + 6H+ + 4e- = Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.455  
HSiO3- + 5H+ + 4e- = Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.632  
H2SiO3 + 4H+ + 4e- = Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.780  
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e- = SiH4(g) + 2H2O - 0.377  
SiO32- + 10H+ + 8e- = SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.176  
HSiO3- + 9H+ + 8e- = SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.265  
H2SiO3 + 8H+ + 8e- = SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.339  
Si(s) + 4H+ + 4e- = SiH4(g) +0.102  
SiF62- + 4e- = Si(s) + 6F- - 1.2  

 

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