Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Titanium Titane Titanij Titanio Titan

 
Atomic number: 22
Group numbers: 4
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1791
Ti

Titanum
NEIGHBOURS

 
 
 
21
Sc
 22
Ti
 23
V
39
Y
 40
Zr
 41
Nb


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Titanium was discovered by William Gregor (England) in 1791. Named after the Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess in Greek mythology. It is shiny, dark-grey metal. Powdered form burns in air. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. It can be highly polished and is relatively immune to tarnishing. Unreactive with alkali and most acids.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 47.867(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d2 4s2
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.54
Thermal conductivity: 21.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 42 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 144.8 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 4540 (293 K)
4110 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 10.54 (293 K)
11.65 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 1668 °C Heat of fusion: 20.9 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 3287 °C Heat of vaporization: 425.5 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 5577 °C Heat of atomization: 467.14 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 658.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1309.85 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 5400 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2652.56 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.001 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
46Ti45.952629(1)8.0(1)
47Ti46.951764(1)7.3(1)
48Ti47.947947(1)73.8(1)
49Ti48.947871(1)5.5(1)
50Ti49.944792(1)5.4(1)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Titanium usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2) and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere. Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others. The price of 99.95 % pure titanium sponge is 202.80 € for 1000 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
TiIV + e- = TiIII - 0.092  1 mol dm-3 HCl
TiIV + 4e- = Ti(s) - 0.88  1 mol dm-3 HCl
Ti3+ + e- = Ti2+ - 0.369  
Ti2+ + 2e- = Ti(s) - 1.630  
TiO22+ + H+ + 4e- = HTiO2- +1.303  
TiO22+ + 2H+ + 2e- = TiO2+ + H2O +1.800  
TiO2(s) + 4H+ + e- = Ti3+ + H2O - 0.666  
TiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- = Ti2+ + H2O - 0.502  
TiO2+ + 2H+ + e- = Ti3+ + H2O +0.099  
TiO2+ + 2H+ + e- = Ti3+ + H2O +0.04  1 mol dm-3 H2SO4
TiO2+ + 2H+ + 2e- = Ti2+ + H2O - 0.135  
HTiO2- + 5H+ + 2e- = Ti2+ + 3H2O +0.362  
TiF62- + 4e- = Ti(s) + 6F- - 1.19  

 

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