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| Thulium | Thulium | Tulij | Tulio | Thulium | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Tm Thulium |
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- Thulium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (Sweden) in 1879. Named after Thule, an ancient name for Scandinavia. It is soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal. Tarnishes in air. Reacts with water. Flammable dust.
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TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE | |
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| Relative atomic mass: | 168.93421(2) | Electronic configuration: | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
| Formal oxidation number: | +3 | Electronegativities: | 1.25 |
| Thermal conductivity: | 16.8 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical resistivity (20 °C): | 79 μΩcm |
| Atomic radius: | 172.4 pm | Standard state (20 °C): | solid |
| Density (g dm-3): | 9321 (293 K) | Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): | 18.12 (293 K) |
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THERMAL PROPERTIES | |
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| Melting point: | 1545 °C | Heat of fusion: | 18.4 kJ mol-1 |
| Boiling point: | 1950 °C | Heat of vaporization: | 247 kJ mol-1 |
| Critical temperature: | 6157 °C | Heat of atomization: | 233.43 kJ mol-1 |
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IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE | |
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| 1st ionization energy: | 596.70 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (air): | - ppm |
| 2nd ionization energy: | 1162.66 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (Earth's crust): | 0.32 ppm |
| 3rd ionization energy: | 2284.79 kJ mol-1 | Abundance of element (oceans): | 0.00000004 ppm |
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ISOTOPES | |
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Isotopes | Relative atomic mass | Abundance (%) |
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169Tm | 168.934211(3) | 100 |
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MINERALS AND USES | |
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- Thulium is found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime and monazite. Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment. The price of 99.9 % pure thulium pieces is 291.00 € for 5 g.
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REDUCTION POTENTIALS | |
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Balanced half-reaction | Eo / V | Annotation |
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