Periodic Table of the Elements
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Bottom FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY o PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Bottom
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z  
Periodic Table of the Elements Tableau périodique des éléments Periodni sustav elemenata Tavola periodica degli elementi Das Periodensystem der Elemente
Vanadium Vanadium Vanadij Vanadio Vanadium

 
Atomic number: 23
Group numbers: 5
Period: 4
 
Discovery date: 1801
V

Vanadium
NEIGHBOURS

 
 
 
22
Ti
 23
V
 24
Cr
40
Zr
 41
Nb
 42
Mo


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Vanadium was discovered by A. M. del Rio (Spain) in 1801 and rediscovered by Nils Sefstrom (Sweden) in 1830. Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. It is soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. Reacts with concentrated acids.
Bottom TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP Top

Relative atomic mass: 50.9415(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d3 4s2
Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 +5 Electronegativities: 1.63
Thermal conductivity: 30.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 19.68 μΩcm
Atomic radius: 131.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid
Density (g dm-3): 6110 (292 K)
5550 (m.p.)		 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.34 (292 K)
9.18 (m.p.)


Bottom THERMAL PROPERTIES Top

Melting point: 1910 °C Heat of fusion: 17.6 kJ mol-1
Boiling point: 3407 °C Heat of vaporization: 459.7 kJ mol-1
Critical temperature: 5657 °C Heat of atomization: 510.95 kJ mol-1


Bottom IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Top

1st ionization energy: 650.92 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm
2nd ionization energy: 1414.49 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (Earth's crust): 230 ppm
3rd ionization energy: 2828.10 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.002 ppm


Bottom ISOTOPES Top

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)
50V49.947163(1)0.250(2)
51V50.943964(1)99.750(2)


Bottom MINERALS AND USES Top

Vanadium is found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and fixer-fixer. The price of 99.7 % pure vanadium granules is 299.90 € for 250 g.

Bottom REDUCTION POTENTIALS Top

Balanced half-reaction   Eo / V      Annotation
V3+ + e- = V2+ - 0.256  
V3+ + e- = V2+ - 0.21  1 mol dm-3 HClO4
V2+ + 2e- = V(s) - 1.18  
2VO43- + 10H+ + 4e- = V2O3 + 5H2O +1.238  
VO43- + 6H+ + 2e- = VO+ + 3H2O +1.256  
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + H2O +1.00  
V2O5 + 6H+ + 2e- = 2VO2+ + 3H2O +0.998  
V2O4 + 4H+ + 2e- = 2VO+ + 2H2O +0.246  
VO2+ + 2H+ + e- = V3+ + H2O +0.359  
VO2+ + H+ + e- = VOH2+ +0.164  
VO2+ + e- = VO+ - 0.044  
V2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- = 2V2+ + 3H2O +0.161  
VO+ + 2H+ + e- = V2+ + H2O +0.126  
VOH2+ + H+ + e- = V2+ + H2O - 0.082  
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O +1.00  
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O +1.02  1 mol dm-3 HCl
V(OH)4+ + 2H+ + e- = VO2+ + 3H2O +1.02  1 mol dm-3 HClO4

 

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